Diatom-based dissolved inorganic nitrogen reconstruction in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent areas -- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2023,41(4):1464-1480

	Cite this paper:
	Xin FAN, Fangjin CHENG, Zhiming YU, Xiuxian SONG. Diatom-based dissolved inorganic nitrogen reconstruction in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent areas[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2023, 41(4): 1464-1480

Diatom-based dissolved inorganic nitrogen reconstruction in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent areas

Xin FAN^1,2,3, Fangjin CHENG⁵, Zhiming YU^2,3,4, Xiuxian SONG^2,3,4

1 College of Naval Architecture and Port Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Weihai 264209, China;
2 CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
3 Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China;
4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
5 Environmental Monitoring Center of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China

Abstract:

A five-component weighted average partial least squares (WA-PLS) calibration model was developed by analysing diatom assemblages in 34 surface sediment samples (collected in 2015) from the Changjiang River estuary (CRE) and its adjacent areas to infer dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations. Eighteen additional sets of surface sediment diatoms and corresponding upper water DIN data (collected in 2012) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model, and the relationship between observed and diatom-inferred DIN (DI-DIN) values (R²=0.85) illustrated the strong performance of the transfer function, indicating that precise reconstructions of former DIN are possible. The diatom-DIN transfer function was applied to the diatom record from a sediment core DH8-2 (1962-2012) collected in the Fujian-Zhejiang area south of the CRE. The reconstruction based on the DI-DIN model showed a significant DIN increase from 1962–2012, reflecting the influence of human activities on the very large increase in eutrophication. Three distinct periods can be seen from the changes in DIN and diatom taxa. In the 1962–1972 period, the DIN content was relatively low, with an average of 5.94 μmol/L, and more than 80% of the diatom species identified were benthic taxa. In the 1972–2004 period, as the impact of human activities intensified, large nutrient inputs caused the DIN content to increase, with an average of 8.25 μmol/L. The nutrient inputs also caused a significant change in the nutrient components and a distinct increase in small planktonic taxa. In the 2004–2012 period, the DIN content continued to rise, fluctuating at approximately 10 μmol/L. A continuous increase in the frequency of planktonic taxa (up to 65.48%) indicated that eutrophication was further intensified, which was confirmed by the transformation from diatom-induced red tide to dinoflagellate-induced red tide during this period.

Key words: Changjiang River estuary|dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) reconstruction|diatoms|transfer function

Received: 2022-01-11 Revised:

Tools

PDF (3467 KB) Free

Print this page

Add to favorites

Email this article to others

Authors

Articles by Xin FAN

Articles by Fangjin CHENG

Articles by Zhiming YU

Articles by Xiuxian SONG

References:
Anderson N J, Vos P. 1992. Learning from the past: diatoms as palaeoecological indicators of changes in marine environments. Netherland Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 26(1): 19-30, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02298025.
Andrén E. 1999. Changes in the composition of the diatom flora during the last century indicate increased eutrophication of the Oder estuary, south-western Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 48(6): 665-676, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1999.0480.
Andrén E, Telford R J, Jonsson P. 2017. Reconstructing the history of eutrophication and quantifying total nitrogen reference conditions in Bothnian Sea coastal waters.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 198: 320-328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.07.015.
Appleby P G, Oldfieldz F. 1983. The assessment of ²¹⁰Pb data from sites with varying sediment accumulation rates.Hydrobiologia, 103(1): 29-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00028424.
Appleby P G. 2001. Chronostratigraphic techniques in recent sediments. In: Last W M, Smol J P eds. Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments Volume 1: Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques.Springer, Dordrecht. p.171-203.
Battarbee R W, Jones V J, Flower R J et al. 2001. Diatoms.In: Smol J P, Birks H J B, Last W M et al. eds. Tracking Environmental Change using Lake Sediments. Volume 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Springer, Dordrecht. p. 155-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47668-1.
Bennion H, Battarbee R. 2007. The European Union Water Framework Directive: opportunities for palaeolimnology.Journal of Paleolimnology, 38(2): 285-295, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-007-9108-z.
Bennion H, Fluin J, Simpson G L. 2004. Assessing eutrophication and reference conditions for Scottish freshwater lochs using subfossil diatoms. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(1): 124-138, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00874.x.
Bigler C, Heiri O, Krskova R et al. 2006. Distribution of diatoms, chironomids and cladocera in surface sediments of thirty mountain lakes in south-eastern Switzerland. Aquatic Sciences, 68(2): 154-171, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-006-0813-x.
Birks H J B. 1995. Quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. In: Maddy D, Brew J S eds. Statistical Modelling of Quaternary Science Data, Technical Guide 5. Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge, p. 161-254.
Birks H J B, Line J M, Juggins S et al. 1990. Diatoms and pH reconstruction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 327(1240): 263-278, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1990.0062.
Bradshaw E G, Anderson N J. 2001. Validation of a diatomphosphorus calibration set for Sweden. Freshwater Biology, 46(8): 1035-1048, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00732.x.
Chai C, Yu Z M, Shen Z L et al. 2009. Nutrient characteristics in the Yangtze River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam. Science of the Total Environment, 407(16): 4687-4695, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.011.
Chen C T A. 2009. Chemical and physical fronts in the Bohai, Yellow and East China seas. Journal of Marine Systems, 78(3): 394-410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys. 2008.11.016.
Clarke A, Juggins S, Conley D. 2003. A 150-year reconstruction of the history of coastal eutrophication in Roskilde Fjord, Denmark. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(12): 1615-1618, https://doi. org/10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00375-8.
Clarke A L, Weckström K, Conley D J et al. 2006. Long-term trends in eutrophication and nutrients in the coastal zone. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1): 385-397, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0385.
Conley D J. 1998. An interlaboratory comparison for the measurement of biogenic silica in sediments. Marine Chemistry, 63(1-2): 39-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00049-8.
Cooper S R, McGlothlin S K, Madritch M et al. 2004.Paleoecological evidence of human impacts on the Neuse and Pamlico estuaries of North Carolina, USA. Estuaries, 27(4): 617-633, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02907649.
CWRB. 1999. China Water Resources Bulletin. Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China.http://www.mwr.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/szygb/201612/t20161222_ 776032.html. (in Chinese)
DeMaster D J. 1981. The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45(10): 1715-1732, https://doi. org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90006-5.
Deng B, Zhang J, Wu Y. 2006. Recent sediment accumulation and carbon burial in the East China Sea.Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20(3): GB3014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002559.
Dong X H, Yang X D, Wang R et al. 2006. A diatom-total phosphorus transfer function for lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Journal of Lake Science, 18(1): 1-12, https://doi.org/10.18307/2006.0101.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Dortch Q, Rabalais N N, Turner R E et al. 2001. Impacts of changing Si/N ratios and phytoplankton species composition. In: Rabalais N N, Turner E eds. Coastal Hypoxia: Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems, vol. 58. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. p.37-48, https://doi.org/10.1029/CE058p0038.
Duan S W, Liang T, Zhang S et al. 2008. Seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus transport in the lower Changjiang River before the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79(2):239-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.04.002.
Ellegaard M, Clarke A L, Reuss N et al. 2006. Multi-proxy evidence of long-term changes in ecosystem structure in a Danish marine estuary, linked to increased nutrient loading. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 68(3-4):567-578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.03.013.
Enache M, Prairie Y T. 2002. WA-PLS diatom-based pH, TP and DOC inference models from 42 lakes in the Abitibi clay belt area (Québec, Canada). Journal of Paleolimnology, 27(2): 151-171, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:10142811285 44.
Fan X, Cheng F J, Yu Z M et al. 2019. The environmental implication of diatom fossils in the surface sediment of the Changjiang River estuary (CRE) and its adjacent area. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 37(2): 552-567, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-8037-9.
Gomes M, Humphries M S, Kirsten K L et al. 2017. Diatominferred hydrological changes and Holocene geomorphic transitioning of Africa’s largest estuarine system, Lake St Lucia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 192:170-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.03.030.
Guo Y J, Qian S B. 2003. Flora Algarum Marinarum Sinicarum. Science Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Guo Z G, Yang Z S, Qu Y H et al. 2000. Study on comparison sedimentary geochemistry of mud area on East China Sea continental shelf. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 18(2): 284-289, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn. 1000-0550.2000.02.020.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hasle G R, Syvertsen E E. 1996. Marine diatoms. In: Tomas C R ed. Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates.Academic Press, San Diego. p.5-386. https://do10.1016/b978-012693015-3/50005-x
Hassan G S, Espinosa M A, Isla F I. 2008. Fidelity of dead diatom assemblages in estuarine sediments: how much environmental information is preserved? Palaios, 23(2):112-120, https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2006.p06-122r.
Hassan G S, Espinosa M A, Isla F I. 2009. Diatom-based inference model for paleosalinity reconstructions in estuaries along the northeastern coast of Argentina.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 275(1-4): 77-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009. 02.020.
Horton B P, Corbett R, Culver S J et al. 2006. Modern saltmarsh diatom distributions of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, and the development of a transfer function for high resolution reconstructions of sea level. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 69(3-4): 381-394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.007.
Hughes T P, Bellwood D R, Folke C et al. 2005. New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20(7): 380-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.022.
Jones V J, Juggins S. 1995. The construction of a diatombased chlorophyll a transfer function and its application at three lakes on Signy Island (maritime Antarctic) subject to differing degrees of nutrient enrichment.Freshwater Biology, 34(3): 433-445, https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1995.tb00901.x.
Juggins S. 2007. C2 Version 1.5 User Guide. Software for Ecological and Palaeoecological Data Analysis and Visualisation. Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Li D L, Knudsen M F, Jiang H et al. 2012. A diatom-based reconstruction of summer sea-surface salinity in the Southern Okinawa Trough, East China Sea, over the last millennium. Journal of Quaternary Science, 27(8): 771-779, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2562.
Li M T, Xu K Q, Watanabe M et al. 2007. Long-term variations in dissolved silicate, nitrogen, and phosphorus flux from the Yangtze River into the East China Sea and impacts on estuarine ecosystem. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 71(1-2): 3-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.08.013.
Lian E G, Yang S Y, Wu H et al. 2016. Kuroshio subsurface water feeds the wintertime Taiwan Warm Current on the inner East China Sea shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(7): 4790-4803, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011869.
Liu D Y, Sun J, Zhang J et al. 2008. Response of the diatom flora in Jiaozhou Bay, China to environmental changes during the last century. Marine Micropaleontology, 66(3-4): 279-290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2007. 10.007.
Liu H J, Fu W C, Sun J. 2015. Seasonal variations of netzphytoplankton community in East China Sea continental shelf from 2009-2011. Haiyang Xuebao, 37(10): 106-122. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Logan B, Taffs K H, Eyre B D et al. 2011. Assessing changes in nutrient status in the Richmond River estuary, Australia, using paleolimnological methods. Journal of Paleolimnology, 46(4): 597-611, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-010-9457-x.
Lü C W, He J, Liang Y et al. 2010.Examination of silicate limitation of primary production by diatoms phytoplankton in the Daihai Lake. Environmental Science, 31(3): 639-644. (in Chinese with English abstract).
Luan J, Qiu H G, Jing Y et al. 2013. Decomposition of factors contributed to the increase of China’s chemical fertilizer use and projections for future fertilizer use in China. Journal of Natural Resource, 28(11): 1869-1878, https://doi.org/10.11849/zrzyxb.2013.11.004.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Margalef R. 1968. Perspective in Ecological Theory.University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https://do10.4319/lo.1969.14.2.0313
McQuoid M R, Nordberg K. 2003. The diatom Paralia sulcata as an environmental indicator species in coastal sediments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 56(2):339-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00187-7.
Meyers P A. 2003. Applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions: a summary of examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Organic Geochemistry, 34(2): 261-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00168-7.
Mortlock R A, Froelich P N. 1989. A simple method for the rapid determination of biogenic opal in pelagic marine sediments. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 36(9): 1415-1426, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90092-7.
Murnaghan S, Taylor D, Jennings E. 2015. Reconstructing long-term trophic histories for lakes using two independent approaches: application of dynamic computer modelling and palaeolimnology to Lough Mask, Ireland. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 115B(3): 171-189, https://doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2015.18.
Narancic B, Saulnier-Talbot É, St-Onge G et al. 2021.Diatom sedimentary assemblages and Holocene pH reconstruction from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago’s largest lake. Écoscience, 28(3-4): 347-360, https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2021.1926642.
Ning X, Lin C, Su J et al. 2011. Long-term changes of dissolved oxygen, hypoxia, and the responses of the ecosystems in the East China Sea from 1975 to 1995.Journal of Oceanography, 67(1): 59-75, https://doi. org/10.1007/s10872-011-0006-7.
Potapova M G, Charles D F, Ponader K C et al. 2004.Quantifying species indicator values for trophic diatom indices: a comparison of approaches. Hydrobiologia, 517(1-3): 25-41, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.00000 27335.73651.ea.
Qu H J, Kroeze C. 2010.Past and future trends in nutrients export by rivers to the coastal waters of China. Science of the Total Environment, 408(9): 2075-2086, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.015.
Reavie E D, Hall R I, Smol J P. 1995. An expanded weightedaveraging model for inferring past total phosphorus concentrations from diatom assemblages in eutrophic British Columbia (Canada) lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology, 14(1): 49-67, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00682593.
Rosén P, Hall R, Korsman T et al. 2000. Diatom transferfunctions for quantifying past air temperature, pH and total organic carbon concentration from lakes in northern Sweden. Journal of Paleolimnology, 24(2):109-123, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008128014721.
Sayer C D. 2001. Problems with the application of diatomtotal phosphorus transfer functions: examples from a shallow English lake. Freshwater Biology, 46(6): 743-757, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00714.x.
Schönfelder I, Gelbrecht J, Schönfelder J et al. 2002.Relationships between littoral diatoms and their chemical environment in northeastern German lakes and rivers. Journal of Phycology, 38(1): 66-89, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01056.x.
Shannon C E, Weaver W. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Shi X F, Liu S F, Qiao S Q et al. 2010.Depositional features ang palaeoenvironmental records of the mud deposits in Min-Zhe coastal mud area, East China Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 30(4): 19-30, https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1140.2010.04019.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sienkiewicz E, Gąsiorowski M. 2017. The diatom-inferred pH reconstructions for a naturally neutralized pit lake in south-west Poland using the Mining and the Combined pH training sets. Science of the Total Environment, 605-606: 75-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.171.
Sienkiewicz E, Gąsiorowski M, Hamerlík L et al. 2021. A new diatom training set for the reconstruction of past water pH in the Tatra Mountain lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology, 65(4): 445-459, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-021-00182-0.
Sochuliaková L, Sienkiewicz E, Hamerlík L et al. 2018.Reconstructing the trophic history of an alpine lake(High Tatra Mts.) using subfossil diatoms: disentangling the effects of climate and human influence. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 229(9): 289, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3940-9.
Song S Q, Sun J, Luan Q S et al. 2008. Size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass in autumn of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River Estuary and its adjacent waters after the Three Gorges Dam construction. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 26(3): 268-275, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-008-0268-0.
Sui F Y, Zang S Y, Fan Y W et al. 2020. Establishment of a diatom-total phosphorus transfer function for lakes on the Songnen Plain in northeast China. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 38(6): 1771-1786, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-9223-5.
Sun X, Song J M, Yu Y et al. 2014. A rapid method for determing the total organic carbon and total nitrogen in marine sediments with an Elemental Analyzer.Marine Sciences, 38(7): 14-19, https://doi.org/10.11759/hykx20130801001. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Tallberg P, Opfergelt S, Cornelis J T et al. 2015. High concentrations of amorphous, biogenic Si (BSi) in the sediment of a small high-latitude lake: implications for biogeochemical Si cycling and for the use of BSi as a paleoproxy. Aquatic Sciences, 77(2): 293-305, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-014-0387-y.
Tang X H, Wang F. 2004. Analyses on hydrographic structure in the Changjiang River Estuary adjacent waters in summer and winter. Studia Marina Sinica, 46: 42-66. (in Chinese with English abstract)
ter Braak C J F, Juggins S. 1993. Weighted averaging partial least squares regression (WA-PLS): an improved method for reconstructing environmental variables from species assemblages. Hydrobiologia, 269-270: 485-502, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028046.
ter Braak C J F, van Dame H. 1989. Inferring pH from diatoms: a comparison of old and new calibration methods. Hydrobiologia, 178(3): 209-223, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00006028.
Tréguer P, Nelson D M, Van Bennekom A J et al. 1995. The silica balance in the world ocean: a reestimate. Science, 268(5209): 375-379, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.268. 5209.375.
van Soelen E E, Lammertsma E I, Cremer H et al. 2010.Late Holocene sea-level rise in Tampa Bay: integrated reconstruction using biomarkers, pollen, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts, and diatoms. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 86(2): 216-224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.010.
Volik O, Petrone R M, Hall R I et al. 2017. Long-term precipitation-driven salinity change in a saline, peatforming wetland in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Canada: a diatom-based paleolimnological study. Journal of Paleolimnology, 58(4): 533-550, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-017-9989-4.
Wang B D. 2003. Nutrient distributions and their limitation on phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14(7): 1122-1126. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang B D. 2006a. Cultural eutrophication in the Changjiang(Yangtze River) plume: history and perspective.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 69(3-4): 471-477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.010.
Wang B D. 2006b. Eutrophication Status and Its Ecological Effects in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent Coastal Waters. Ocean University of China, Qingdao. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang B D, Xin M, Wei Q S et al. 2018. A historical overview of coastal eutrophication in the China Seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 136: 394-400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.044.
Wang L, Fan D J, Li W R et al. 2014. Grain-size effect of biogenic silica in the surface sediments of the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 81(4): 29-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.03.005.
Wang X L, Li K Q. 2006. Marine Environmental Capacity of Major Chemical Pollutants in the Bohai Sea. Science Press, Beijing, China. p.318. (in Chinese). https://do10.1007/s10661-005-9132-2
Wang Y N, Liu D Y, Di B P et al. 2016. Distribution of diatoms and silicoflagellates in surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and offshore from the Changjiang River, China. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 34(1): 44-58, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-015-4237-0.
Weckström K. 2006. Assessing recent eutrophication in coastal waters of the gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) using subfossil diatoms. Journal of Paleolimnology, 35(3):571-592, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-005-5264-1.
Weckström K, Juggins S, Korhola A. 2004. Quantifying background nutrient concentrations in coastal waters: a case study from an urban embayment of the Baltic Sea.AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 33(6):324-327, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-33.6.324.
Weckström K, Korhola A, Weckström J. 2007. Impacts of eutrophication on diatom life forms and species richness in coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(2): 155-160, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[155:IOEODL]2.0.CO;2.
Whitlock C, Higuera P E, McWethy D B et al. 2010.Paleoecological perspectives on fire ecology: revisiting the fire-regime concept. The Open Ecology Journal, 3: 6-23, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874213001003020006.
Witak M, Hernández-Almeida I, Grosjean M et al. 2017.Diatom-based reconstruction of trophic status changes recorded in varved sediments of Lake Żabińskie(northeastern Poland), AD 1888-2010.Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 46(1): 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2017-0001.
Xiang R, Yang Z S, Saito Y et al. 2006. East Asia Winter Monsoon changes inferred from environmentally sensitive grain-size component records during the last 2300 years in mud area southwest off Cheju Island, ECS. Science in China Series D, 49(6): 604-614, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0604-1.
Xiao S B, Li A C, Jiang F Q et al. 2005. Provenance analysis of mud along the Min-Zhe coast since 2 kaBP. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 23(2): 268-274. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xin M. 2014. Long-term Variations of the Key Environmental Factors and Their Ecological Effects in the Changjiang Estuary. Ocean University of China, Qingdao. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu G, Liu J, Liu S F et al. 2016. Modern muddy deposit along the Zhejiang coast in the East China Sea: response to large-scale human projects. Continental Shelf Research, 130: 68-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016. 10.007.
Yang D Z, Yin B S, Liu Z L et al. 2012. Numerical study on the pattern and origins of Kuroshio branches in the bottom water of southern East China Sea in summer.Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117(C2):C02014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007528.
Yang S Y, Bi L, Li C et al. 2016. Major sinks of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) -derived sediments in the East China Sea during the late Quaternary. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 429(1): 137-152, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP429.6.
Yu R C, Zhang Q C, Kong F Z et al. 2017. Status, impacts and long-term changes of harmful algal blooms in the sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River Estuary.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 48(6): 1178-1186.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zaborska A, Carroll J, Papucci C et al. 2007.Intercomparison of alpha and gamma spectrometry techniques used in ²¹⁰Pb geochronology. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 93(1): 38-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.11.007.
Zhang J. 2002. Biogeochemistry of Chinese estuarine and coastal waters: nutrients, trace metals and biomarkers.Regional Environmental Change, 3(1-3): 65-76, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-001-0039-3.
Zhang Q C. 2011. Phagotrophic characteristics of causative species in large-scale HABs in East China Sea and its role in HABs formation. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang S, Ji H B, Yan W J et al. 2003. Composition and flux of nutrients transport to the Changjiang Estuary. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 13(1): 3-12, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02873141.
Zhou M J, Shen Z L, Yu R C. 2008. Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Continental Shelf Research, 28(12): 1483-1489, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.02.009.
Zhou M J, Zhu M Y. 2006. Progress of the project “ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms in China”.Advances in Earth Science, 21(7): 673-679. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu Z Y, Wu Y, Zhang J et al. 2014. Reconstruction of anthropogenic eutrophication in the region off the Changjiang Estuary and central Yellow Sea: from decades to centuries. Continental Shelf Research, 72:152-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.10.018.
Zhu Z Y, Zhang J, Wu Y et al. 2011. Hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary: oxygen depletion and organic matter decomposition. Marine Chemistry, 125(1-4): 108-116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem. 2011.03.005.
Zou Y F, Wang L, He H B et al. 2021. Application of a diatom transfer function to quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction-a case study of Yunlong Lake, Southwest China. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9: 700194, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.700194.