The toxic effects of copper on larvae of the barnacle species <i>Chthamalus challengeri</i> -- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2015,33(2):400-409

	Cite this paper:
	QI Leilei, WANG Ying, SHA Jingjing, WANG You, TANG Xuexi. The toxic effects of copper on larvae of the barnacle species Chthamalus challengeri[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2015, 33(2): 400-409

The toxic effects of copper on larvae of the barnacle species Chthamalus challengeri

QI Leilei, WANG Ying, SHA Jingjing, WANG You, TANG Xuexi

Department of Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China

Abstract:

With the increased use of copper (Cu)-based antifouling (AF) paints, copper has become a potential threat to marine organisms. Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of copper on larvae of the barnacle Chthamalus challengeri. These experiments attempted to identify a more sensitive index to monitor copper pollution in marine environments. The 24 h LC₅₀ ranged from 156.07 μg/L (nauplius Ⅱ) to 817.15 μg/L (cypris) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) ranged from 81.75 μg/L (nauplius Ⅱ) to 571.04 μg/L (cypris). The cypris settlement rate declined significantly when copper concentrations ≥135 μg/L. No cypris was found in the copper concentration of 60 and 75 μg/L treatment groups stressed for 22 d. Nauplius Ⅱ moulting was not affected by exposure to copper for 24 h; however, when extended to 48 h, the percent moulted in 75 μg/L treatment group was declined to 37.12%, which was significant lower (P<0.05) than that in the control group. The phototaxis of nauplius Ⅱ decreased significantly when copper concentrations ≥45 μg/L. Despite an initial significant increase at copper concentrations of 30 μg/L, ammonia excretion rate decreased when copper concentrations ≥60 μg/L. These results suggested that: (1) nauplius Ⅱ could not develop to the cypris when the copper concentration ≥60 μg/L; (2) cypris settlement is more susceptible to copper than cypris mortality rate; (3) nauplius Ⅱ is the most sensitive larval stage; (4) nauplius Ⅱ ammonia excretion rate is the most sensitive index to copper and might be as the indicator for copper pollution monitoring.

Key words: copper|Chthamalus challengeri|larval stage|sensitivity|pollution monitoring

Received: 2014-05-27 Revised: 2014-07-11

Tools

PDF (1562 KB) Free

Print this page

Add to favorites

Email this article to others

Authors

Articles by QI Leilei

Articles by WANG Ying

Articles by SHA Jingjing

Articles by WANG You

Articles by TANG Xuexi

References:
Bao W Y, Lee O O, Chung H C et al. 2010. Copper affects biofi lm inductiveness to larval settlement of the serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans (Haswell). Biofouling, 26 (1): 119-128.
Blackmore G. 1998. An overview of trace metal pollution in the coastal waters of Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment, 214 (1): 21-48.
Burrows M T, Hawkins S J, Southward A J. 1999. Larval development of the intertidal barnacles Chthamalus stellatus and Chthamalus montagui. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 79 (01): 93-101.
Chai X J, Hu Z H, Xu J Z et al. 2009. Effect of salinity and pH on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate in juvenile Nibea japonica. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University (Natural Science), 28 (2): 146-150. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Cheang C C, Tsang L M, Ng W C et al. 2012. Phylogeography of the cold-water barnacle Chthamalus challengeri in the north-western Pacifi c: effect of past population expansion and contemporary gene flow. Journal of Biogeography, 39 (10): 1 819-1 835.
Desai D V, Anil A C. 2004. The impact of food type, temperature and starvation on larval development of Balanus Amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia: Thoracica). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 306 (1): 113-137.
Donahue W H, Wang R T, Welch M et al. 1977. Effects of water-soluble components of petroleum oils and aromatic hydrocarbons on barnacle larvae. Environmental Pollution, 13 (3): 187-202.
Feng D Q, KE C H, Lu C Y et al. 2008. Laboratory rearing and settlement behavior of Balanus albicostatus cyprid—an model animal for screening natural antifouling agents. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 39 (4): 395-400. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Ferrando M D, Andreu E. 1993. Feeding behavior as an index of copper stress in Daphnia magna and Brachionus calycifl orus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 106 (2): 327-331.
Frost B W. 1972. Effects of size and concentration of food particles on the feeding behavior of the marine planktonic copepod Calanus pacifi cus. Limnol. Oceanogr., 17 (6): 805-815.
Gaonkar C A, Anil A C. 2010. What do barnacle larvae feed on? Implications in biofouling ecology. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 90 (06): 1 241-1 247.
Gaonkar C A, Anil A C. 2012. Gut fluorescence analysis of barnacle larvae: an approach to quantify the ingested food. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 111 : 147-150.
Garnacho E, Peck L S, Tyler P A. 2000. Variations between winter and summer in the toxicity of copper to a population of the mysid Praunus flexuosus. Marine Biology, 137 (4): 631-636.
King C K, Riddle M J. 2001. Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons of sensitivity with tropical and temperate echinoids. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 215 : 143-154.
Kitano Y, Nogata Y, Matsumura K et al. 2005. Design and synthesis of anti-barnacle active fluorescence-labeled probe compounds and direct observation of the target region in barnacle cypris larvae for dimethyl-isocyanoalkyl compounds. Tetrahedron, 61 (42): 9 969-9 973.
Lang W H, Forward Jr R B, Miller D C et al. 1980. Acute toxicity and sublethal behavioral effects of copper on barnacle nauplii (Balanusimprovisus). Marine Biology, 58 (2): 139-145.
Lee C. 1999. Larval development of Chthamalus challenger Hoek (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Chthamalidae) with keys to barnacle larvae of Korean coastal waters. Korean Journal of Biological Sciences, 3 (1): 59-68.
Lewis A G, Cave W R. 1982. The biological importance of copper in oceans and estuaries. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 20 : 471-695.
Li H, Miao S, Yan Y et al. 2011. Larval development of the barnacle, Microeuraphiawithersi (Cirripedia, Thoracica, Chthamalidae) reared in the laboratory. Crustaceana, 84 (2): 129-152.
Li Z M, Liu Z G, Xie L et al. 2010. Effect of body weight and temperature on oxygen consumption and ammonia-n excretion rates of Chlamys nobilis. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 1 : 015. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu S M, Zhu L Y, Xu F F et al. 2012. Effect of tetrabromobisphenol A on the ingestion, respiration and ammonia excretion of Calanus sinicus. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 42 (12): 49-53. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Lorenzo J I, Nieto O, Beiras R. 2002. Effect of humic acids on speciation and toxicity of copper to Paracentrotus lividus larvae in seawater. Aquatic Toxicology, 58 (1): 27-41.
Luo J, Liu C, Tang H et al. 2008. Effects of temperature on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Hemifusus tuba (Gelin). Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 1 : 021. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Maki J S, Rittschof D, Costlow J D et al. 1988. Inhibition of attachment of larval barnacles, Balanus amphitrite, by bacterial surface fi lms. Marine Biology, 97 (2): 199-206.
Mao Y, Zhou Y, Yang H et al. 2006. Seasonal variation in metabolism of cultured Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Sanggou Bay, China. Aquaculture, 253 (1): 322-333.
McCoy D L, Brown K M. 1998. Hydrocarbon pollutants alter short-term recruitment in the barnacle Balanus eburneus. Marine Environmental Research, 45 (3): 209-224.
Mora S, Fowler S W, Wyse E et al. 2004. Distribution of heavy metals in marine bivalves, fish and coastal sediments in the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49 (5): 410-424.
Newman W A, Abbott D P. 1980. Cirripedia: the Barnacles. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford. p.504-535.
Omae I. 2003. General aspects of tin-free antifouling paints. Chemical Reviews, 103 (9): 3 431-3 448.
Pineda J, DiBacco C, Starczak V R. 2005. Barnacle larvae in ice: survival, reproduction, and time to post settlement metamorphosis. Limnology and Oceanography, 50 : 1 520-1 528.
Pipe R K, Coles J A, Carissan F M M et al. 1999. Copper induced immunomodulation in the marine mussel, Mytilusedulis. Aquatic Toxicology, 46 (1): 43-54.
Qiu J W, Qian P Y. 1997. Effects of food availability, larval source and culture method on larval development of Balanusamphitrite Amphitrite Darwin: implications for experimental design. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 217 (1): 47-61.
Qiu J W, Thiyagarajan V, Cheung S et al. 2005. Toxic effects of copper on larval development of the barnacle Balanus Amphitrite. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51 (8): 688-693.
Semmler H, Høeg J T, Scholtz G et al. 2009. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the naupliar musculature and a scanning electron microscopy atlas of nauplius development of Balanus improvises (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica). Arthropod Structure & Development, 38 (2): 135-145.
Shariff M, Jayawardena P, Yusoff F M et al. 2001. Immunological parameters of Javanese carp Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker) exposed to copper and challenged with Aeromona shydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 11 (4): 281-291.
Srinivasan M, Swain G W. 2007. Managing the use of copperbased antifouling paints. Environmental Management, 39 (3): 423-441.
Stebbing A R D. 2002. Tolerance and hormesis-increased resistance to copper in hydroids linked to hormesis. Marine Environmental Research, 54 (3): 805-809.
Tang B, Yan W, Wang H et al. 2010. Effects of salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of different-size of Trachycardium flavum. Marine Fisheries, 1 : 004. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Tie D, Liu G C, Liu X J et al. 2010. Influence of environmental temperature on vital status of barnacle: Chthamalus challengeri. Marine Environmental Science, 29 (2): 191- 195. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Tunnicliffe V. 1991. The biology of hydrothermal vents— ecology and evolution. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 29 : 319-407.
Turner J T, Levinsen H, Nielsen T G et al. 2001. Zooplankton feeding ecology: grazing on phytoplankton and predation on protozoans by copepod and barnacle nauplii in Disko Bay, West Greenland. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 221 : 209-219.
Voulvoulis N, Scrimshaw M D, Lester J N. 1999. Alternative antifouling biocides. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 13 (3): 135-143.
White S L, Rainbow P S. 1985. On the metabolic requirements for copper and zinc in molluscs and crustaceans. Marine Environmental Research, 16 (3): 215-229.
Wu W G, Zhang J X, Fang J G et al. 2013. Effects of salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rate of different sizes of Bullacta exarata. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 32 (9): 2 457-2 461. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu Y, Yuan L, Huang J. 2004. Comparison of phototaxis index with acute toxicity test (LC 50) using Daphnia carinata. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 24 (5): 905-909. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xie Z C, Wong N C, Qian P Y et al. 2005. Responses of polychaete Hydroides elegans life stages to copper stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 285 : 89-96.
Yan Y, Chan B K K. 2004. Larval morphology of a recently recognized barnacle, Chthamalus neglectus (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Chthamalidae), from Hong Kong. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 24 (4): 519-528.
Yin L Y, Gao Y L, Yang Z C et al. 2013. Effects of body size on respiration and excretion of Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 32 (1): 60-63. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yuan L, Michels E, De M L. 2003. Changes in phototactic behavior of Daphnia magna clone C 1 242 in response to copper, cadmium and pentachlorophenol. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 15 (6): 841-847.