2020, Vol. 38
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Article Information
- ZHU Hongli, DU Long, ZHANG Zhaofeng, SUN Weidong
- Calcium isotopic signatures of depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts from the northeastern Pacific
- Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 38(5): 1476-1487
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-020-0045-2
Article History
- Received Jan. 19, 2020
- accepted in principle Mar. 9, 2020
- accepted for publication Mar. 15, 2020
2 Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China;
3 Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
4 College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;
5 State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
6 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Calcium is one of the major elements in the Earth and has six stable isotopes (40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca, 46Ca, and 48Ca) in nature (DePaolo, 2004). Except H and He, Ca has the largest relative mass difference (Δm/m=20%), which enables Ca to be an important geochemical and cosmochemical tracer (DePaolo, 2004). Calcium isotope ratios are commonly expressed in δ-notation relative to the standard NIST SRM 915a, e.g. δ44/40Ca (‰)=[(44Ca/40Ca)sample/ (44Ca/40Ca)NIST-SRM-915a–1]×1 000. With the rapid improvements of analytical techniques, the accuracy and precision for the measurement of Ca isotopes have been greatly improved in the last two decades (DePaolo, 2004; Fantle and Tipper, 2014). Calcium isotopes have been widely applied to biochemical (e.g., Farkaš et al., 2007a, b; Fantle and Tipper, 2014) and geological processes (e.g., Huang and Jacobsen, 2017; Lu et al., 2019; Wabe.g.2014ng et al., 2019; Dai et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020b).
To date, exploratory studies on Ca isotopes in igneous rocks mainly aim at constraining the Ca isotopic compositions of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE; Skulan et al., 1997; Huang et al., 2010; Simon and DePaolo, 2010; Amsellem et al., 2017; Kang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019b) and the mechanism of Ca isotopic fractionation during high-temperature processes (Huang et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2019a; Ionov et al., 2019; Lu et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). Initially, based on volcanic rocks and minerals in mantle peridotites, previous studies estimated the δ44/40Ca value for the BSE varies from 0.82‰ to 1.05‰ (Skulan et al., 1997; Huang et al., 2010; Simon and DePaolo, 2010). Nevertheless, due to the significant δ44/40Ca variation in volcanic rocks and inter-mineral Ca isotopic fractionation in mantle peridotites, a substantially larger number of wellselected samples should be analyzed to better characterize the Ca isotopic composition of the BSE. Kang et al. (2017) thereby analyzed 14 fertile peridotites without significant modification by metasomatism or partial melting and estimated δ44/40Ca of the BSE to be 0.94‰±0.05‰. Lherzolites from Balmuccia and Baldissero peridotite massifs were observed to have homogeneous δ44/40Ca values with an average of 0.94‰±0.11‰ (Chen et al., 2019b). Moreover, mantle pyroxenites and komatiites also show limited variations in Ca isotopic compositions with the mean δ44/40Ca of 0.92‰±0.16‰ and 0.90‰±0.05‰, respectively (Amsellem et al., 2019; Dai et al., 2020). The similar δ44/40Ca of fertile lherzolites, pyroxenites and komatiites from variable geological settings argue for that the value of 0.94‰ for the BSE can be considered robust (Kang et al., 2017; Amsellem et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2019b; Dai et al., 2020).
About 2‰ variation in δ44/40Ca has been documented in volcanic rocks, mantle xenoliths and their minerals (e.g., Amini et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2017a; Zhao et al., 2017; Ionov et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). This obvious Ca isotopic fractionation is closely related to several processes: (1) equilibrium and kinetic fractionation between minerals (Huang et al., 2010; Feng et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017, 2019; Antonelli et al., 2019a, b); (2) kinetic isotopic fractionation driven by melt-rock reactions or metasomatism (Richter et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018); (3) mantle metasomatism by carbonate-rich melts/fluids derived from recycled marine carbonates and silicate-rich melts derived from eclogite (Huang et al., 2011; Kang et al., 2016, 2017, 2019; Liu et al., 2017a; Ionov et al., 2019); (4) melt extraction or partial melting (Zhu et al., 2018b, 2020a; Chen et al., 2019a, b; Ionov et al., 2019).
Recently, several lines of evidence suggest that mantle partial melting can induce distinguishable Ca isotopic fractionation and cause Ca isotopic heterogeneity in the mantle (Kang et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2018b, 2020a; Chen et al., 2019a, b; Ionov et al., 2019). For example, strongly melt-depleted peridotites at 25%-30% melting are observed to have 0.1‰-0.2‰ higher δ44/40Ca values than those of fertile peridotites (Kang et al., 2017; Ionov et al., 2019). Accordingly, δ44/40Ca values of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) from the southern Juan de Fuca (JdF) Ridge, the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge (SMAR) range from 0.75‰ to 0.94‰ with an average of 0.83‰±0.11‰ (2SD, N=21; Zhu et al., 2018b; Chen et al., 2019a), which are lower than those of their mantle source. Similarly, Zhu et al. (2020a) observed that δ44/40Ca values of back-arc basin basalts (BABBs) from the southwestern Pacific exhibit a narrow range from 0.73‰ to 0.89‰ with an average of 0.80‰±0.08‰ (2SD, N=21). They found that there is no systematic variation of δ44/40Ca with indicators of subduction contributions, and thus proposed that the offset of δ44/40Ca (~0.14‰) between the mantle and BABBs should be primarily controlled by Ca isotopic fractionation during partial melting (Zhu et al., 2020a). However, based on model simulations, Zhang et al. (2018) proposed that partial melting can produce significant effects on δ44/40Ca of melting residues (up to 0.3‰), but negligible effects on δ44/40Ca of the melts (< 0.07‰).
To better understand the behavior of Ca isotopes during partial melting and constrain the extent of Ca isotopic fractionation during this process, here we present high-precision Ca isotopic compositions of a suit of fresh MORB samples from the northern East Pacific Rise and Ecuador Rift in the northeastern Pacific. Based on the data set for Ca stable isotopes in MORBs and reported mantle peridotites, we also perform model calculations to further assess the effects of partial melting on δ44/40Ca of melts and residues.
2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND SAMPLEFresh MORB samples from the northern EPR and Ecuador Rift in the northeastern Pacific were analysis in this study. The Ecuador Rift is located east of the Galapagos Spreading Center (Perfit et al., 1983). Samples from this rift represent a relatively primitive and depleted variety of N-MORB (Perfit et al., 1983). The EPR is a fast-spreading ridge (>80 mm/a) and has a voluminous basaltic production rate (Chen et al., 2019a). Based on trace element patterns, MORB samples from the EPR vary from rare incompatible element enriched MORB (E-MORB), typical normal MORB (N-MORB), to strong incompatible element depleted MORB (D-MORB) (Lundstrom et al., 1999; Sun et al., 2003). Data based on U-series disequilibria indicate that D-MORB from the northern EPR lack 230Th excess, have high excesses of 226Ra and 231Pa, and resemble experimentally determined melts of peridotite at 1 GPa, implying derivation from relatively shallow level melting of spinel lherzolite at low residual porosity (Lundstrom et al., 1999). A recent study has presented Ca isotopic compositions of 8 MORB samples from the southern EPR (3°7′S; Chen et al., 2019a). Here, MORB samples from the northern EPR were recovered from the 9°N–10°N segment using the submersible ALVIN.
Our studied MORB samples from both the EPR and Ecuador Rift were previously investigated for Re and other trace element analysis by Sun et al. (2003) and classified as D-MORB. Note that they would generally be considered to be variations of N-type MORB and are not the extremely depleted types reported from other locations, e.g. some near axis seamounts and transform faults (Sun et al., 2003). These samples are fresh glasses with less than 2% phenocrysts or vesicles. Analyzed glasses were carefully handpicked under a binocular microscope to avoid visible phenocrysts and any alteration in appearance.
3 ANALYTICAL METHODMajor and trace element concentrations of MORB samples were measured by Sun et al. (2003) using a JEOL6400 electron microscope and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAICP-MS) system, respectively. These MORB samples were selected from previous prepared glass separates (Sun et al., 2003) for Sr, Nd, and Ca isotope analysis.
3.1 Strontium and neodymium isotopic compositionsFresh glasses were washed ultrasonically in ~1 mol/L HCl for 15 min and MQ water for 30 min. These glasses were grounded into 200 mesh power in an agate mortar. About 80 mg of sample powers were dissolved in Teflon beakers with a mixture of concentrated HF and HNO3. After heating on a hotplate at 120℃ for 5 d, these samples were dried down at 100℃. Then they were treated with 6 mol/L HCl several times until transparent solutions were obtained for Sr, Nd and Ca isotopic analysis.
Column chemistry for Sr and Nd isotopes were performed in a class 100 laboratory at the State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry (SKLaBIG), Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry (GIG), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) following the procedure described in Ma et al. (2013) and Du et al. (2018, 2019a, b). Strontium was purified on a column filled with 0.25 mL of Sr Spec resin. The purified Sr solutions were dried down and then were determined for Sr isotopic compositions on a Triton thermal ionization mass- spectrometer (TIMS) at SKLabIG, GIG, CAS. Neodymium was purified chromatographically according to a two-column procedure. The Nd isotopic compositions were measured on a Neptune Plus multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MCICP-MS) in the CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment at the University of Science and Technology of China. The 87Sr/86Sr of NBS-987 and BCR-2 measured in the same analytical campaign were 0.710 245±0.000 009 (2SD, n=11) and 0.705 003±0.000 012 (2SD, n=3), respectively. The 143Nd/144Nd of JNdi and BCR-2 yielded 0.512 115±0.000 008 (2SD, n=9) and 0.512 632± 0.000 011 (2SD, n=3), respectively. All these results for reference materials were in agreement with published data (e.g., Thirlwall, 1991; Tanaka et al., 2000; Raczek et al., 2003; Charlier et al., 2006).
3.2 Calcium isotopic compositionsColumn chemistry and instrumental analysis for Ca isotopes were performed at SKLabIG, GIG, CAS, following the procedure described inZhu et al. (2016, 2018a) and Liu et al.(2017b, 2019, 2020). Briefly, an aliquot of sample solution with 50 μg of Ca was mixed with 0.3 g of 42Ca-43Ca double spike solution that contained 8 μg of Ca. This mixture was dried down and dissolved in 0.05 mL of 1.6 mol/L HCl for Ca purification. The spiked sample solution was loaded onto a column filled with 1 mL of AG MP-50 (100–200 mesh) resin and eluted with 1.6 mol/L HCl. The Ca yield through the column chemistry were greater than 99%. To monitor the reproducibility and quality, one reference material and blank were processed as unknow samples. The blank was less than 70 ng and negligible compared to the amount of Ca loaded onto the column.
Calcium isotopic compositions were measured on a Triton TIMS. The 41K was measured to evaluate the isobaric interference of 40K on 40Ca, and online correction was carried out using 40K/41K=1.738 4×10-3 (Heuser et al., 2002). Instrumental fractionation was corrected with a 42Ca-43Ca double spike technique (Heuser et al., 2002). All the Ca isotope data were reported as δ44/40Ca relative to NIST SRM 915a. Each sample was analyzed 3 times using the same purified Ca cut. The analytical uncertainties of both two standard deviation (2SD) and two standard deviation of the mean (2SE) are listed in Table 1. The δ44/40Ca values of NIST SRM 915a, IAPSO seawater and BCR-2 measured in the same session were -0.01‰±0.11‰ (2SD, n=26), 1.84‰±0.11‰ (2SD, n=10) and 0.83‰±0.09‰ (2SD, n=5), respectively, which were consistent with previous studies within error (e.g., Huang et al., 2010; Valdes et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2017, 2018; He et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018).
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Calcium, Sr, and Nd isotopic compositions of MORB samples from the northeastern Pacific are listed in Table 1. Major and trace element concentrations adopted from Sun et al. (2003) are listed in Supplementary Table S1.
In N-MORB normalized (Sun and McDonough, 1989) trace element abundance diagram (Fig. 1a), MORB samples in this study are strongly depleted in incompatible elements and have slightly positive Pb anomalies. In the chondrite-normalized diagram (Fig. 1b), these samples show strong light rare earth element (LREE) depletion. Based on (La/Sm)N ratios (0.3–0.4; Table 1), these samples are thereby classified into D-MORB type (Gale et al., 2013). The Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of these MORB samples are similar to those of the depleted MORB mantle (Workman and Hart, 2005), with 87Sr/86Sr ranging from 0.702 394 to 0.702 619 and 143Nd/144Nd ranging from 0.513 138 to 0.513 247 (Fig. 2). As shown in Fig. 3, the Ca isotopic compositions of these MORB samples display a narrow variation, with δ44/40Ca ranging from 0.84‰ to 0.88‰, which overlaps the δ44/40Ca range in reported MORBs (0.75‰-0.94‰; Zhu et al., 2018b; Chen et al., 2019a) and BABBs (0.73‰-0.89‰; Zhu et al., 2020a). Moreover, their average δ44/40Ca (0.85‰±0.03‰; 2SD, N=5) is similar to the averages of reported MORBs (0.83‰±0.11‰; 2SD, N=21; Zhu et al., 2018b; Chen et al., 2019a) and BABBs (0.80‰±0.08‰; 2SD, N=21; Zhu et al., 2020a) (Fig. 3).
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| Fig.1 N-MORB normalized trace element patterns (a) and chondrite-normalized REE patterns of MORB samples (b) from the northeastern Pacific -MORB and chondrite normalizing values are from Sun and McDonough (1989). |
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| Fig.2 The 87Sr/86Sr versus 143Nd/144Nd of MORB samples investigated here The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd of D-DMM, DMM and E-DMM (hollow pentagons) are adopted from Workman and Hart (2005). Other N-MORB samples from the southern JdF Ridge (Zhu et al., 2018b) are shown for comparison. DMM=depleted MORB mantle. |
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| Fig.3 The δ44/40Ca values of studied MORB samples from the northeastern Pacific MORB samples from the southern JdF Ridge, EPR and SMAR (Zhu et al., 2018b; Chen et al., 2019a), BABB samples from the southwestern Pacific (Zhu et al., 2020a) and peridotites (Kang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019b; Ionov et al., 2019) are shown for comparison. The pink vertical line and yellow bar represent the estimated δ44/40Ca value for the BSE (0.94‰±0.05‰; Kang et al., 2017). |
Compared to N-MORB, MORB samples in this study are depleted in incompatible trace elements and LREE (Fig. 1). Their Sr and Nd isotopic compositions vary from the depleted MORB mantle (DMM, the average for MORBs far from plumes) to the D-DMM (2σ depleted over the average for MORBs far from plumes) (Fig. 2; Workman and Hart, 2005). All these geochemical characteristics suggest that these MORB samples were derived from the DMM without any mantle metasomatism.
Compared to the primitive mantle or BSE, the DMM has been depleted by low degree (2%–3%) of melt extraction (Salters and Stracke, 2004; Workman and Hart, 2005). The δ44/40Ca values (0.97‰–0.98‰) of moderately melt-depleted lherzolites at < 20% melting are near the upper limit of the fertile peridotites (0.90‰–0.99‰) that without modification by melt extraction or metasomatism, suggesting low to moderate degrees of melt extraction cannot cause significant Ca isotopic fractionation in the residues (Kang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019b). Therefore, the δ44/40Ca of DMM maybe slightly higher than that of the BSE, but cannot be distinguished under the current analytical uncertainty of ~0.10‰ (Zhu et al., 2020a).
The δ44/40Ca values of studied MORB samples range from 0.84‰ to 0.88‰ with an average of 0.85‰±0.03‰ (2SD, N=5), which is ~0.10‰ lower than those of the BSE and DMM (Fig. 4). Based on the calculation by Fantle and Tipper (2014), the effect of radiogenic 40Ca ingrowth from 40K decay on δ44/40Ca of these MORBs should be negligible, as these samples have quite low K/Ca ratios (< 0.012) and young ages. A number of geological processes may cause the offset of δ44/40Ca between our studied MORB samples and their mantle source, including seawater and hydrothermal alteration (John et al., 2012; Blättler and Higgins, 2017; Chen et al., 2019a), fractional crystallization during magma differentiation (Zhang et al., 2018; Valdes et al., 2019), and mantle partial melting (Kang et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2018b, 2020a; Chen et al., 2019a, b; Ionov et al., 2019). Below, we discuss the effects of these processed on the Ca isotopic budget of MORBs from the northeastern Pacific.
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| Fig.4 The δ44/40Ca versus 87Sr/86Sr (a) and 143Nd/144Nd (b) of studied MORB samples N-MORB samples from the southern JdF Ridge (Zhu et al., 2018b) are shown for comparison. The pink vertical line and yellow bar represent the estimated δ44/40Ca value for the BSE (0.94‰±0.05‰; Kang et al., 2017). |
After eruption, MORB samples can experience seawater and hydrothermal alteration. Amini et al. (2008) found that the hydrothermal fluid endmember at the Lagotchev Field has a δ44/40Ca value of 0.91‰ (after renormalization to δ44/40Caseawater=1.86‰), which is near the upper limit of fresh MORBs but slightly higher than the average of fresh MORBs. With hydrothermal alteration, most of altered MORBs and an altered gabbroic rock are observed to have similar or slightly higher δ44/40Ca values than fresh MORBs and gabbroic rocks (John et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2019a). Moreover, the majority of hydrothermal carbonate veins which are formed as secondary minerals in altered oceanic crust (0.88‰–1.28‰) are conformed to be higher than the average of fresh MORBs (Blättler and Higgins, 2017). Therefore, seawater and hydrothermal alteration may induce limited Ca isotopic fractionation or slightly heavy Ca isotopic compositions in altered MORBs and altered oceanic crust.
In this study, fresh MORB glasses were handpicked under a binocular microscope to avoid any alteration in appearance. Several lines of evidence also support that these samples did not experience any alteration. First, these MORB samples did not show enrichments of large ion lithophile elements (LILE; Fig. 1a). Secondly, they have lower 87Sr/86Sr values than the DMM (Fig. 2). If these samples were influenced by seawater and hydrothermal alteration, they should show enrichments of LILE and have higher 87Sr/86Sr values than the DMM (Verma, 1992). Thus, seawater and hydrothermal alteration cannot account for the low δ44/40Ca signatures of our studied MORB samples.
5.3 The effect of fractional crystallizationBecause of cooling at shallow levels, MORB samples are considered as residue melts that experienced fractional crystallization (Price et al., 1986; Smith et al., 1994; Niu, 1997). The sequence of fractional crystallization during isobaric magmatic differentiation at different pressures is: [L+Ol]→ [L+Ol+Pl]→[L+Ol+Pl+Cpx] (Herzberg, 2004; Chen et al., 2019a). Our studied MORB samples display a limited variation in major element concentrations (Supplementary Table S1). The ranges of MgO and CaO concentrations suggest these MORB samples may experience fractional crystallization of Ol and Pl (Fig. 5a).
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| Fig.5 CaO content versus MgO content (a) and δ44/40Ca versus SiO2 content (b), MgO contents (c), and Eu/Eu* (d) of studied MORB samples Other MORB samples from the southern JdF Ridge, EPR and SMAR (Zhu et al., 2018b; Chen et al., 2019a), and BABB samples from the southwestern Pacific (Zhu et al., 2020a) are shown for comparison. The gray lines in panel a represent the crystallization sequence of primary MORB magma at three different pressures (101 325 Pa, 0.2 GPa, and 0.8 Gpa) calculated by Herzberg (2004). The pink vertical line and yellow bar represent the estimated δ44/40Ca value for the BSE (0.94‰±0.05‰; Kang et al., 2017). |
Based on theoretical study, minerals with stronger bond strengths prefer heavier isotopes rather than the lighter ones (Urey, 1947). Due to the lower coordination numbers of Ca and shorter Ca-O bonds in Ol, this mineral with stronger bond strengths should be enriched in heavier Ca isotopes and have higher δ44/40Ca values than Cpx, which are consistent with experimental observations (Magna et al., 2015; Kang et al., 2016). However, as suggested by a simple balance calculation, Ol fractional crystallization cannot significantly affect Ca isotopic compositions of MORB samples (Zhu et al., 2018b). This is because the CaO contents in Ol (usually < 0.4 wt.% in Ol; Sobolev et al., 2007) are too low to play an important role in lowering δ44/40Ca of the residual magmas (Liu et al., 2017a; Zhu et al., 2018b). Basaltic lavas from Hawaii with Ol accumulation have similar δ44/40Ca values to those of other basalts without Ol accumulation (Zhang et al., 2018), which further suggests that Ol fractional crystallization plays limited effects on δ44/40Ca of MORB samples.
Due to the high partition coefficient of Eu in Pl, Eu anomaly (defined as Eu/Eu*=w(Eu)N/(w(Sm)N× w(Gd)N)1/2, N refers to CI chondrite-normalized data that adopts from Sun and McDonough (1989)) can be used to assess the extent of Pl fractional crystallization (Nauret et al., 2006). MORB samples studied here do not display significant Eu anomaly with Eu/Eu* ranging from 0.99 to 1.06 (Fig. 5d; Table 1), indicating these samples experienced less extent of Pl fractional crystallization. Moreover, Pl should not have higher δ44/40Ca values than the residue melt, as the Ca isotopic fractionation factor between Pl and basaltic melt (αPl-melt) is slightly lower than 1 (Chen et al., 2019a). Thus, the lower δ44/40Ca of MORB samples compared to their mantle source cannot be caused by Pl fractional crystallization.
To further investigate the effect of magma differentiation on Ca isotopic fractionation, Chen et al. (2019a) made modelling calculations and found that the δ44/40Ca values of residual MORB melt are slightly higher (< 0.05‰) than the primary melt. These results are consistent with the situation of our studied MORBs and reported MORBs and BABBs in literature (Zhu et al., 2018b, 2020a; Chen et al., 2019a), as their δ44/40Ca values do not show co-variations with SiO2, MgO contents or Eu/Eu* (Fig. 5b–d). Therefore, mafic magma differentiation cannot cause the lower δ44/40Ca signatures of our studied MORB samples.
5.4 The effect of mantle partial meltingThe reported Ca isotopic signatures of mantle peridotites, MORBs and BABBs have demonstrated that Ca isotopic fractionation can occur during the process of mantle partial melting (Kang et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2018b, 2020a; Chen et al., 2019a, b; Ionov et al., 2019). Specifically, melt-depleted lherzolites and harzburgites show gradually increased δ44/40Ca values (0.97‰–1.12‰) with their increasing degree of melt-extraction, and are systematically higher than those of the fertile peridotites that without modification by melting or metasomatism (Fig. 3; Kang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019b; Ionov et al., 2019). Accordingly, the reported δ44/40Ca values of MORB samples range from 0.75‰ to 0.94‰ (Fig. 3; Zhu et al., 2018b; Chen et al., 2019a), which are lower than their mantle source. Recently, Zhu et al. (2020a) observed that BABBs from the southwestern Pacific have lower δ44/40Ca values (0.73‰-0.89‰) than their mantle source (Fig. 3), and proposed that the low δ44/40Ca signatures should be primarily controlled by Ca isotopic fractionation during partial melting without significant contributions from subducted materials.
In this study, MORB samples from the northeastern Pacific show narrow δ44/40Ca variations (0.84‰-0.88‰) with an average of 0.85‰±0.03‰, which is consistent with the averages of reported MORBs and BABBs within analytical uncertainty, but lower than that of the BSE and DMM (Fig. 3). As discussed above, the low δ44/40Ca of studied MORBs cannot be attributed to seawater and/or hydrothermal alteration or fractional crystallization during magma differentiation. Therefore, mantle partial melting should be the primary factor that controls the Ca isotopic signatures of MORBs, and plausibly explains the offset of δ44/40Ca (~0.10‰) between the mantle and MORBs investigated here.
The behavior of Ca isotopes during partial melting is closely related to the inter-mineral Ca isotopic fractionation. For example, partial melts derived from eclogites are proposed to have lower δ44/40Ca than their sources, which should be caused by the Ca isotopic fractionation between garnet and Cpx (Kang et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). Generally, MORB samples are derived from mantle peridotites (Niu, 1997). Clinopyroxene, Opx and Ol are the major Cabearing minerals in mantle peridotites. Earlier studies have observed that Cpx has lower δ44/40Ca values than those of the coexisting Opx and Ol (Huang et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2019b). Melting experiments on mantle peridotites indicated that Cpx is consumed more rapidly than Opx in the residue during partial melting (Green, 1973; Jaques and Green, 1980). Thus, in the process of mantle partial melting, the light Ca isotopes from Cpx are preferentially incorporated into magma melt, while the heavy ones from Opx and Ol tend to stay in the residue. This mechanism can reasonably explain the lower δ44/40Ca signatures in MORBs and BABBs, and the higher δ44/40Ca signatures in melt-depleted peridotites (Fig. 3; Kang et al., 2016, 2017; Zhu et al., 2018b, 2020a; Chen et al., 2019a; Ionov et al., 2019).
Several studies have made model calculations to further constrain the Ca isotopic fractionation during mantle partial melting (Zhang et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019a; Zhu et al., 2020a). The results of these modelling calculations show that during mantle partial melting, the Ca isotopic fractionation factor between Opx and Cpx (αOpx-Cpx) has remarkable effect on δ44/40Ca of the melt. For instance, Zhang et al. (2018) found negligible effect (< 0.04‰) on δ44/40Ca of the melt with αOpx-Cpx ranging from 1.000 13 and 1.000 17. As αOpx-Cpx increases to 1.000 50, Chen et al. (2019b) found that δ44/40Ca of the melt can be 0.08‰ lower than that of the starting peridotite. The modelling results of aggregate melt with α Opx-Cpx=1.000 90 are 0.14‰ lower than that of the starting peridotite (Zhu et al., 2020a).
In this study, we performed modelling calculations and assumed αCpx-melt=1 (Qi et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019b; Huang et al., 2019) and αOpx-Cpx ranging from 1.000 1 to 1.000 9. Other parameters for the modelling are similar to those in Chen et al. (2019b) and Zhu et al. (2020a). Our modelling results of aggregate melt with αOpx-Cpx= 1.000 65 is consistent with the ~0.10‰ offset of δ44/40Ca between the BSE and the average of our studied MORB samples (Fig. 6). These modelling results also show that the degrees of partial melting have limited effects of δ44/40Ca of aggregate melt (Fig. 6).
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| Fig.6 Incremental model of δ44/40Ca evolution during peridotite partial melting The black horizontal line represents the starting peridotite with δ44/40Ca=0.94. The solid and dashed lines in different color represent modelling results for aggregate melts and incremental batch melting. The Ca isotopic fractionation factor between Cpx and basaltic melt (αCpx-melt) is assumed to be 1 (Qi et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019b; Huang et al., 2019) and αOpx-Cpx is assumed to vary between 1.000 10 and 1.000 90 based on the large range Ca isotopic fractionation between co-existing Opx and Cpx (Kang et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2019b). The red horizontal line and grey bar represent the average δ44/40Ca of our studied MORB and reported MORB samples (0.84‰±0.10‰). The blue area represents the range δ44/40Ca for melt-depleted peridotites (Kang et al., 2017; Ionov et al., 2019). |
Taken all the studied MORB samples together (Zhu et al., 2018b; Chen et al., 2019a), their δ44/40Ca values range from 0.75‰ to 0.94‰ with an average of 0.84‰±0.10‰ (2SD, N=26), which are 0–0.20‰ lower than the estimated value for the BSE. In addition to the minor effects of fractional crystallization, our modelling results show that the observed ~0.2‰ δ44/40Ca variation in these MORB samples from different locations may be related to the various Ca isotopic fractionation between Opx and Cpx in their mantle sources (Fig. 6). Specifically, the Δ44/40CaOpx-Cpx (Δ44/40CaOpx-Cpx=δ44/40CaOpx–δ44/40CaCpx) in natural peridotites ranges from -0.01‰ to 1.29‰, which are dominated by the Ca/Mg ratios in Opx and temperature (Kang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019b). During partial melting, mantle peridotites with different α Opx-Cpx can be one of the factors that induce various δ44/40Ca in MORB samples. Moreover, the heterogeneity of mantle sources may also play a role in causing the δ44/40Ca variation in MORB samples, as low proportion of pyroxenites are proposed to exist in their mantle sources (Sobolev et al., 2007).
6 CONCLUSIONCalcium isotopic compositions of D-MORB samples from the East Pacific Rise and Ecuador Rift in the northeastern Pacific have been studied here to constrain the Ca isotopic fractionation during mantle partial melting. The δ44/40Ca of these MORB samples display little variations from 0.84‰ to 0.88‰ with an average of 0.85‰±0.03‰, which is consistent with the averages of reported MORBs and BABBs within uncertainty, but is ~0.10‰ lower than that of the BSE and DMM. Seawater and hydrothermal alteration and fractional crystallization were excluded for explaining the low δ44/40Ca signatures of MORB samples. Instead, the ~0.10‰ offset of δ44/40Ca between MORBs and the BSE is most likely caused by mantle partial melting. During this process, the light Ca isotopes are preferred to be enriched in magma melt, while the heavy ones tend to stay in the residue, which is in accordance with the fact that δ44/40Ca of melt-depleted peridotites increases with partial melting in literature. Therefore, mantle partial melting should be considered as one of the important processes for causing the Ca isotopic heterogeneity in Earth's mantle.
7 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENTAll data generated and/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTWe are extremely grateful to LIU Fang, KANG Jinting, and LIU Yufei for help in sample analysis and discussion. We are also grateful to the editors and the anonymous reviewers, whose constructive suggestions greatly improved our manuscript.
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